Were Safavids Persian? Ethnically not, but politicaly yes, as in the sense that they actively promoted and revived Pre-Islamic Persian Sassanian-Zoroastrian traditions under the guise of Shi’ism. Ethnically they were Azeri Turks, Safavids were Azerbaijanis. They did choose Shia Islam and with the force of the sword killed and forced Sunni Iranians to convert to Shia Islam. The Bektashi Sufi Order…

which was widespread in the Ottoman Empire (because the majority of Ottoman Janissaries were Shia-Sufis). The Janissaries were the heavy armored infantry or Foot Knights of the Ottoman Empire. They did have cavalry brigades too, but the Sipahis (Turkish Nobles) and Ghulams (mostly from Persian stock) were the bulk of the Ottoman Heavy Cavalry. Something noteworthy is that the Janissaries cousins in Iran (Persia) under the Safavid Dynasty (Persian-Turkic Cousins of the Ottomans) were similar to the Sipahis and Ghulams in that they were like the Janissary, elite soliders, however they were mostly horsemen. The Safavids and Ottomans were literally cousins that were of Turkic origins but spoke Persian in their courts, just like the Mughals in India.

Their tekkes or “lodges” were all over Anatolia as well as the Balkans. Among it’s most prominent Ottoman followers were Ali Pasha and Hussein Gradascevic. The order had close ties with the Janissary Corps, which was the bulk of the Ottoman Army (predominantly Sunni government). Later, when the Ottoman Sipahis (armored Ottoman Knights mostly from the Turkish Sunni nobility) promoted the abolition of the Janissaries, the Bektashi order was banned throughout the Ottoman Empire.

The Battle of Chaldiran (also Chaldoran or Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavids. As a result the Ottomans gained control over the eastern half of Anatolia. The Ottomans had a , better equipped army with experiance of European warfare tactics they had introduced and tested on their European borders while the Iranians relied mainly on ancient oriental tactics. The Iranian Shah Ismail I was wounded and almost captured in the conflict. Following the victory Ottomans captured Tabriz, and Safavids did not threaten them again for nearly a century. It also brought an end to the Alevi uprisings in Anatolia.

The Battle of Chaldiran demonstrated that firearms were a decisive factor in warfare.

The outcome at Chaldiran had many consequences. Perhaps most significantly, it established the border between the two empires, which remains the border between Turkey and Iran today. With the establishment of that border, Tabriz became a frontier city, uncomfortably close to the Ottoman enemy. That consideration would be a major factor in the decision to move the Safavid capital to Qazvin, in the mid-16th century, and finally to Isfahan, in central Persia, in 1598.

The Safavids made drastic domestic changes after the defeat at Chaldiran. The Safavids spoke a Turkic language but, following the loss of their Anatolian territories which formed the heartland of their Turkic support switched to Persian. The Safavid royal family also moved away from extreme, eschatological, Alevi sect and adopted Shia sect as the official religion of the empire – the position of the Shah as Mahdi being incompatible with the recent defeat . The Sunni majority of Iran was also forcibly converted to Shia while those, mostly qizilbash, who refused to abandon the previous worship of the Shah were executed.